{"id":7519,"date":"2021-04-08T09:45:56","date_gmt":"2021-04-08T09:45:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/?p=7519"},"modified":"2021-04-14T13:10:25","modified_gmt":"2021-04-14T13:10:25","slug":"dokument-les-nasi-sumavske-domoviny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/?p=7519","title":{"rendered":"Dokument: Les na\u0161\u00ed \u0161umavsk\u00e9 domoviny"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ing. Vinzenz Wenhart<\/strong>
(vy\u0161lo ve W\u00e4ldlerkalender 1924, s. 83\u201387)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zd\u00e1 se zbyte\u010dn\u00fdm, ba dokonce prostoduch\u00fdm, vypr\u00e1v\u011bt \u0160umavanovi n\u011bco o jeho lese, ve kter\u00e9m se narodil, kter\u00fd zn\u00e1 od d\u011btstv\u00ed a\u017e k t\u011bm nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm vrchol\u016fm. Ano, zn\u00e1 sv\u016fj domovsk\u00fd les v jeho \u00fachvatn\u00e9 velikosti, zn\u00e1 jeho v\u00fd\u0161inn\u00e9 v\u00fdhledy, jeho tich\u00e1 z\u00e1kout\u00ed, jeho zelen\u00e9 pastviny, zn\u00e1 jeho temn\u00e1 jezera a \u0161um\u00edc\u00ed potoky, t\u011b\u0161\u00ed se z jeho nebety\u010dn\u00fdch smrk\u016f a jedl\u00ed a v\u011bdoucn\u011b naslouch\u00e1 \u0161um\u011bn\u00ed jeho buk\u016f, byt\u00ed toho lesa samo, jeho vnit\u0159n\u00ed v\u00fdstavba je mu v\u0161ak pom\u011brn\u011b ciz\u00ed. Nedok\u00e1\u017ee posoudit ani vztah \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, ze kter\u00fdch les sest\u00e1v\u00e1, jednotliv\u00fdch jeho porost\u016f k celku, tj. k lesu jako takov\u00e9mu, ani jejich skute\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam pro \u017eivot lesa a lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Proto tu o n\u011bm chci \u0160umavan\u016fm vypravovat, chci je sezn\u00e1mit s porosty, kter\u00e9 \u0160umavu vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed a m\u011bly by vytv\u00e1\u0159et, s jejich vnit\u0159n\u00edm \u00fastrojenstv\u00edm, vlastnostmi a osobitostmi p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve vztahu k zachov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161umavsk\u00e9ho lesa v jeho prap\u016fvodn\u00ed kr\u00e1se a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 hodnot\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les se skl\u00e1d\u00e1, jak pr\u00e1v\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, z lesn\u00edch porost\u016f, tj. z men\u0161\u00edch i v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch, do sebe zapadaj\u00edc\u00edch, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejnorod\u00fdch lesn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch krajinn\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch sest\u00e1vaj\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f d\u0159evin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z \u010deho v\u0161ak sest\u00e1v\u00e1 onen p\u016fvodn\u00ed, samou p\u0159\u00edrodou zbudovan\u00fd \u0161umavsk\u00fd lesn\u00ed porost?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u016f\u017eeme jej dosud spat\u0159it ve zbytc\u00edch p\u016fvodn\u00edho pralesa. Je to sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd porost smrku, jedle a buku, m\u00edsty prostoupen\u00fd javorem a jilmem. V pralese se d\u00e1 nal\u00e9zt i tis, kter\u00fd a\u017e na p\u00e1r vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch v\u00fdskyt\u016f ov\u0161em docela vyhynul. To v\u0161echno dohromady byla p\u016fvodn\u00ed podoba \u0161umavsk\u00e9ho lesa na such\u00e9m podlo\u017e\u00ed a do nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky kolem 1000 metr\u016f. D\u00e1l a v\u00fd\u0161 u\u017e nemohou smrkov\u00fd porost citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u0159eviny, jak\u00fdmi jsou jedle a buk, n\u00e1sledovat. Javor a je\u0159\u00e1b jej je\u0161t\u011b dok\u00e1\u017eou prov\u00e1zet v n\u011bkolika v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b uboh\u00fdch exempl\u00e1\u0159\u00edch; kolem asi tak 1200 metr\u016f v\u0161ak i ony mizej\u00ed a p\u0159enech\u00e1vaj\u00ed pole samotn\u00e9mu smrku, kter\u00fd zato, by\u0165 u\u017e v \u0159id\u0161\u00edm zalesn\u011bn\u00ed, pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 i ty vrcholy nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vrchovi\u0161t\u011b a slat\u011b jsou porostl\u00e9 tu v\u00edce, tu m\u00e9n\u011b hust\u011b horskou borovic\u00ed kle\u010d\u00ed (Pinus mugo), tak\u00e9 borovic\u00ed lesn\u00ed (Pinus sylvestris, specificky na jiho\u010desk\u00fdch Blatech roste pak borovice blatka, Pinus uncinata \u010di Pinus rotundata) a b\u0159\u00edzou. M\u00edsty se vyskytuje i vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 ke\u0159ovit\u00e1 b\u0159\u00edza zakrsl\u00e1 (Betula nana). Na okraj\u00edch ra\u0161elini\u0161\u0165, snad i tam v nich, kde p\u016fdn\u00ed miner\u00e1ly dosahuj\u00ed a\u017e k jejich horn\u00ed vrstv\u011b, objevuje se i spo\u0159e \u017eivo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed smrk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak u\u017e \u0159e\u010deno, lze za les pro \u0160umavu typick\u00fd a p\u016fvodn\u00ed, alespo\u0148 na such\u00fdch p\u016fd\u00e1ch jej\u00edch doln\u00edch a st\u0159edn\u00edch v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdch poloh, tedy na daleko p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti jej\u00ed celkov\u00e9 rozlohy, pova\u017eovat sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd porost smrku, jedle a buku, m\u00e9n\u011b tak\u00e9 javoru a jilmu. Pt\u00e1te se, pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u011bchto d\u0159evin?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160umava je poho\u0159\u00ed s podneb\u00edm zna\u010dn\u011b drsn\u00fdm a de\u0161tiv\u00fdm, s mal\u00fdm po\u010dtem slune\u010dn\u00fdch dn\u00ed v roce, zato s mno\u017estv\u00edm sn\u011bhov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek a hojn\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch n\u00e1nos\u016f jinovatky. Bou\u0159e jsou tu \u010dast\u00fdm hostem, zejm\u00e9na pak v \u010dase jarn\u00ed, jako\u017e i podzimn\u00ed rovnodennosti. Tomuto mno\u017estv\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch vliv\u016f pov\u011btrnosti na samo vzejit\u00ed mlad\u00e9ho stromu i na n\u00e1sledn\u00fd jeho r\u016fst se druhy d\u0159evin, kter\u00e9 \u0161umavsk\u00fd les tvo\u0159\u00ed, musely p\u0159izp\u016fsobit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0159eviny s rozlo\u017eitou korunou a k\u0159ehk\u00fdmi v\u011btvemi, jako je t\u0159eba obvykl\u00e1 borovice, se tu nemohou udr\u017eet zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee by neodolaly sn\u011bhov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei. Ve Sto\u017eci se od nepam\u011bti vyskytuje poddruh borovice s \u00fazkou a \u0161pi\u010datou korunou, m\u00e9n\u011b ohro\u017eenou podobn\u00fdm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm. Stejn\u011b tak tu na \u0160umav\u011b nelze usp\u011bt d\u0159evin\u00e1m, kter\u00e9, jako nap\u0159. dub, vy\u017eaduj\u00ed ke sv\u00e9mu r\u016fstu v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00edho tepla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smrk miluje p\u016fdu bohatou na miner\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e1tky a humus, sv\u011b\u017e\u00ed (nikoli mokrou), prosp\u00edv\u00e1 mu i velk\u00e1 vlhkost okoln\u00edho vzduchu, vesm\u011bs tedy podm\u00ednky, kter\u00e9 mu \u0160umava m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout opravdu plnou m\u011brou. O p\u016fdu sytou miner\u00e1ln\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami se postar\u00e1 zv\u011btr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nerostn\u00e9ho podlo\u017e\u00ed, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zejm\u00e9na ruly, \u017euly a prab\u0159idlice, o humus zase bohat\u00fd v\u00e1penat\u00fd odpad bukov\u00e9ho list\u00ed a jedlov\u00e9ho jehli\u010d\u00ed, o jej\u00ed sv\u011b\u017eest a dostate\u010dnou vlhkost okoln\u00edho vzduchu pak hojn\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky a relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fd stupe\u0148 oslun\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160umava je proto optim\u00e1ln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm pro smrkov\u00fd porost, ba p\u0159\u00edmo jak\u00fdmsi r\u00e1jem smrku, pokud nepo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me v\u00fdkyvy p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 n\u011bjakou p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed pohromou \u010di hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm pochyben\u00edm a maj\u00edc\u00ed vliv na prosp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a r\u016fst strom\u016f, jak je p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nap\u0159. velk\u00e9 polomy v roce 1870 a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 zdol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed k\u016frovce \u010di nep\u0159irozen\u00e9 up\u0159ednost\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed holose\u010d\u00ed a p\u011bst\u011bn\u00ed \u010dist\u011b smrkov\u00fdch porost\u016f. Tento druh skute\u010dn\u011b vykazuje jak co do t\u011b\u017eebn\u00edch a tvarov\u00fdch parametr\u016f, tak co do jakosti d\u0159eva v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nen\u00ed p\u0159itom snad t\u0159eba odkazovat jen na vysoce cenn\u00e9, \u010dty\u0159i sta i v\u00edcelet\u00e9 stromov\u00e9 obry ve zbytc\u00edch \u0161umavsk\u00e9ho pralesa, pon\u011bvad\u017e i v hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m lese se stolet\u00fdm i stodvacetilet\u00fdm cyklem rostou 35 metr\u016f vysok\u00e9 smrky se 3-5 kubick\u00fdmi metry objemu nejlep\u0161\u00edch technick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed. Prof. Dr. Janka dok\u00e1zal nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi pokusy na Lesnick\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9m \u00fastavu v Mariabrunnu (zalo\u017een 1874 bl\u00edzko v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9ho Sch\u00f6nbrunnu), \u017ee \u0161umavsk\u00fd smrk zauj\u00edm\u00e1 sv\u00fdmi technick\u00fdmi parametry v p\u011bti navz\u00e1jem od sebe daleko odlehl\u00fdch oblastech star\u00e9 monarchie, kde byl vysazen, prv\u00e9 m\u00edsto mezi v\u0161emi jin\u00fdmi druhy. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee smrk ov\u0161em pr\u00e1v\u011b na samotn\u00e9 \u0160umav\u011b nach\u00e1z\u00ed ty nejlep\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky ke sv\u00e9mu r\u016fstu, dokazuje tak\u00e9 ta okolnost, \u017ee se tu dok\u00e1\u017ee udr\u017eet v pln\u00e9m zdrav\u00ed i po 400 a v\u00edce let.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jakkoli se tato na\u0161e technicky nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u0159evina na \u0160umav\u011b dob\u0159e c\u00edt\u00ed, m\u00e1 tady i sv\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1tele. Z t\u011bch bezprost\u0159edn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch jsou to bou\u0159e, k\u016frovec, sn\u00edh a na \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed jen p\u0159echodn\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed jinovatka. Zprost\u0159edkovan\u011b ohro\u017euj\u00ed zd\u00e1rn\u00fd v\u00fdvin smrkov\u00fdch porost\u016f poruchy v kvalit\u011b p\u016fdy. Proti v\u0161em t\u011bmto nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm chr\u00e1n\u00ed trvale jen sdru\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed smrku s jedl\u00ed a bukem, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b s jin\u00fdmi d\u0159evinami, kter\u00e9 tu p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed v \u00favahu (javor, jilm atd.), jin\u00fdmi slovy uchov\u00e1n\u00ed autochtonn\u00edch, tj. od nepam\u011bti na \u0160umav\u011b zdom\u00e1cn\u011bl\u00fdch, p\u0159irozen\u00fdch sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch porost\u016f a odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o n\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedle a buk jsou co do odolnosti v\u016f\u010di bou\u0159\u00edm ze v\u0161ech druh\u016f ty nejl\u00e9pe se osv\u011bd\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed. Chr\u00e1n\u00ed tedy smrk, jakkoli ne bezv\u00fdhradn\u011b snad, p\u0159ed po\u0161kozen\u00edm v\u011btry, tj. p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010d\u00edm, kter\u00e9 s sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed obvykle siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jarn\u00ed a podzimn\u00ed bou\u0159e, v\u016f\u010di nim\u017e jsou sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 porosty odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e smrkov\u00e9 monokultury. Sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd les je m\u00e9n\u011b ohro\u017een hmyz\u00edmi kalamitami, na \u0160umav\u011b v prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b tou k\u016frovcovou, pon\u011bvad\u017e v n\u011bm existuje p\u0159irozen\u00e1 rovnov\u00e1ha mezi \u0161k\u016fdci a jejich nep\u0159\u00e1teli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Lesy pod Blatn\u00fdm vrchem 2015 (foto Ivo Kare\u0161, https:\/\/www.kohoutikriz.org).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pokud je naru\u0161ena rovnov\u00e1ha sam\u00e9ho porostu, tj. je-li nap\u0159. smrk na velk\u00e9 plo\u0161e jedin\u00fdm p\u011bstovan\u00fdm druhem, je naru\u0161ena i rovnov\u00e1ha mezi hmyz\u00edmi \u0161k\u016fdci (k\u016frovcem) a jejich nep\u0159\u00e1teli, ti prv\u00ed nabudou p\u0159evahy t\u00edm, \u017ee jejich mno\u017een\u00ed nenar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na dostate\u010dn\u00fd odpor. Proti v\u00e1ze sn\u011bhu a jinovatky nechr\u00e1n\u00ed sice ani sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd porost, ale jej\u00ed n\u00e1sledky dok\u00e1\u017ee natolik oslabit, \u017ee i p\u0159i \u00fapln\u00e9m t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 pol\u00e1m\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011btv\u00ed jehli\u010dnan\u016f mohou sice buky, resp. listn\u00e1\u010de utrp\u011bt zna\u010dn\u00e9 po\u0161kozen\u00ed korun, stromy v\u0161ak z\u016fstanou p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b a z \u00fajmy se dok\u00e1\u017eou vyhojit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I proti poruch\u00e1m v kvalit\u011b p\u016fdy chr\u00e1n\u00ed natrvalo jen p\u0159irozen\u00fd sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd porost zdom\u00e1cn\u011bl\u00fdch druh\u016f; ba udr\u017een\u00ed trval\u00e9 plodnosti lesn\u00ed p\u016fdy je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm z \u00fakol\u016f sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho lesa; na n\u00ed ostatn\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed sam\u00e9 byt\u00ed lesa v\u016fbec<\/em>. Plodiv\u00e1 s\u00edla lesn\u00ed p\u016fdy je stejn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 pro rozvoj strom\u016f a lesa jako celku jako uchov\u00e1n\u00ed pro nezbytn\u00fdch \u017eivin v n\u00ed. Jejich tvorba je v\u00e1z\u00e1na na jej\u00ed vydatnou aktivitu, tj. na v\u00fdskyt nes\u010detn\u00fdch mal\u00fdch i t\u011bch nejmen\u0161\u00edch rostlinn\u00fdch a \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch bytost\u00ed (nap\u0159. de\u0161\u0165ovek) v p\u016fd\u011b, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed \u017eivn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky pro stromov\u00e9 ko\u0159eny a jejich prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm i pro dal\u0161\u00ed r\u016fst kmene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tyto \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti mohou sv\u00e9mu \u00fakolu dost\u00e1t jen tehdy, vykazuje-li p\u016fda pro jejich existenci nezbytnou kyprost, sv\u011b\u017eest a teplotu, vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 tam lze ve vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e naj\u00edt jen, pokud mrtv\u00fd p\u016fdn\u00ed povrch sest\u00e1v\u00e1 ze sm\u011bsi zvadl\u00e9ho list\u00ed a jehli\u010d\u00ed, jak je produkuje pr\u00e1v\u011b jen sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd les. Na \u0160umav\u011b je to u\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd porost smrku, jedle, buku, resp. i javoru, jilmu a je\u0159\u00e1bu. Pokud tvo\u0159\u00ed povrch lesn\u00ed p\u016fdy \u010dist\u011b smrkov\u00e9 jehli\u010d\u00ed, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k jej\u00edmu vysych\u00e1n\u00ed, tvrdnut\u00ed, k men\u0161\u00ed jej\u00ed schopnosti p\u0159ij\u00edmat vodu a n\u00e1sledkem toho k povrchov\u00e9mu podm\u00e1\u010den\u00ed porost\u016f. P\u0159i \u010dist\u011b listnat\u00e9m odpadu doch\u00e1z\u00ed za zdej\u0161\u00edho de\u0161tiv\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed na p\u016fdn\u00edm povrchu k v\u00fdskytu hniloby, kter\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b ovliv\u0148uje stav lesn\u00edho podlo\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech, a\u0165 u\u017e tedy povrch tvo\u0159\u00ed \u010dist\u011b jehli\u010d\u00ed \u010di list\u00ed, je aktivita p\u016fdy zna\u010dn\u011b omezena. Takov\u00fd stav dok\u00e1\u017ee rozpoznat i laik, pon\u011bvad\u017e je navenek z\u0159eteln\u00fd v\u00fdskytem hust\u00e9ho mechov\u00e9ho koberce \u010di jist\u00fdch rostlin, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm bor\u016fvek \u010di brusin, v hor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u0159esu. Pod t\u00edm jakoby \u017eiv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkrovem se nach\u00e1z\u00ed such\u00e1 ra\u0161elina nebo surov\u00fd humus a ten vede, nedojde-li v\u010das k n\u011bjak\u00e9 n\u00e1prav\u011b, ke zhor\u0161en\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch a chemick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed p\u016fdy, kr\u00e1tce \u0159e\u010deno k umen\u0161en\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed aktivity a nakonec k jej\u00edmu \u00fapln\u00e9mu selh\u00e1n\u00ed. S poklesem p\u016fdn\u00ed aktivity jde p\u0159irozen\u011b ruku v ruce postupn\u00e9 zhor\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fstu strom\u016f v tvaru i hmot\u011b, a\u017e kone\u010dn\u011b zb\u00fdv\u00e1 jen porost zmrza\u010del\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1padn\u00e9, i kdy\u017e ne hned zcela rozpoznateln\u00e9 zm\u011bny v aktivit\u011b p\u016fdy a s t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed zm\u011bny v r\u016fstov\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch nadch\u00e1zej\u00ed, kdy\u017e nam\u00edsto dom\u00e1c\u00edho p\u0159irozen\u011b vznikl\u00e9ho sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho porostu smrku, jedle a buku jsou zakl\u00e1d\u00e1ny \u010dist\u011b jehli\u010dnat\u00e9, jmenovit\u011b pak smrkov\u00e9 porosty. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku, tj. dokud je\u0161t\u011b dobr\u00e1 p\u016fda po sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9m lese pokra\u010duje ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9m p\u016fsoben\u00ed na r\u016fst strom\u016f, ned\u00e1 se nic pozorovat; naopak jsou ty prv\u00e9 \u010dist\u011b smrkov\u00e9 porosty dokonce velmi p\u011bkn\u00e9, av\u0161ak jedna lesn\u00ed generace po druh\u00e9 jsou s poklesem p\u016fdn\u00ed s\u00edly \u010di spr\u00e1vn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno p\u016fdn\u00ed aktivity hor\u0161\u00ed a hor\u0161\u00ed, a\u017e nakonec rostou v takov\u00e9m lese jen n\u00edzk\u00e9 a b\u00eddn\u00e9, mechem pokryt\u00e9 kmeny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedovedli jsme to na \u0160umav\u011b na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b k ni\u010demu podobn\u00e9mu, ale mnoz\u00ed majitel\u00e9 lesa, mezi nimi i ti v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, jsou u\u017e k tomu na t\u00e9 nejlep\u0161\u00ed cest\u011b a p\u0159ijdou na mizinu, budou-li i nad\u00e1le p\u011bstovat \u010dist\u011b jehli\u010dnat\u00e9 (smrkov\u00e9) porosty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Srovnejte jen sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 porosty na\u0161\u00ed domoviny se smrkov\u00fdmi monokulturami bli\u017e\u0161\u00edho i vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, “do kraje” zab\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edho \u0161umavsk\u00e9ho p\u0159edh\u016f\u0159\u00ed, kde je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo generacemi strom\u016f rostl rovn\u011b\u017e sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd les jako ten n\u00e1\u0161! I laik ten rozd\u00edl okam\u017eit\u011b zaznamen\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tady u n\u00e1s si mezi buky a jin\u00fdmi listn\u00e1\u010di hov\u00ed 30 a\u017e 35 metr\u016f vysok\u00e9 smrky a jedle pln\u00fdch korun a m\u00edznat\u00e9 k\u016fry, tam na p\u016fvodn\u011b stejn\u00e9m p\u016fdn\u00edm podlo\u017e\u00ed \u0159\u00eddce zav\u011btven\u00e9 smrkov\u00e9 ty\u010dky se \u0161edou rozpraskanou korou, sotva znateln\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstku kmene co do v\u00fd\u0161ky i objemu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tady u n\u00e1s vyst\u00fdl\u00e1 dosud lesn\u00ed p\u016fdu kypr\u00e1, teple vlhk\u00e1 vrstva listnat\u00e9 a jehli\u010dnat\u00e9 sm\u011bsi, tam ji sv\u00edr\u00e1 hust\u011b spe\u010den\u00fd koberec smrkov\u00e9ho jehli\u010d\u00ed nebo vyschl\u00e1 ra\u0161elina \u010di dokonce bor\u016fv\u010d\u00ed a v\u0159es a \u010din\u00ed ji tak nep\u0159\u00edstupnou slunci, vzduchu a vod\u011b. T\u00edm je v\u0161ak i zardou\u0161en v p\u016fd\u011b v\u0161echen \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fd i rostlinn\u00fd \u017eivot, nezbytn\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad udr\u017een\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed vydatnosti i s\u00edly, skrze ni pak jak\u00e9hokoli skute\u010dn\u00e9ho prosp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed lesa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co n\u00e1s u\u010d\u00ed toto pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, resp. v\u0161ude stvrzen\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee odklon od p\u016fvodn\u00edho dom\u00e1c\u00edho typu lesn\u00edho porostu vede d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji ke zmrza\u010den\u00ed lesa, ba koneckonc\u016f k \u00fapln\u00e9mu selh\u00e1n\u00ed jeho z\u00e1kladn\u00edch funkc\u00ed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Snad jen tolik, \u017ee se mus\u00edme v\u0161emi prost\u0159edky zasadit o to, abychom uchovali dom\u00e1c\u00ed sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd les a tam, kde do\u0161lo k jeho z\u00e1niku, zalo\u017eit jej znovu. Mus\u00edme se navr\u00e1tit k takov\u00e9 podob\u011b porostu, jak\u00fd byl vytvo\u0159en p\u0159\u00edrodou v jej\u00edm p\u016fsoben\u00ed neovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m lidskou rukou, tj. ke sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9mu porostu smrku, jedle a buku.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

U\u017e sly\u0161\u00edm hlasy majitel\u016f lesa, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed p\u0159ed o\u010dima jen pln\u00fd vlastn\u00ed m\u011b\u0161ec, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u00edsto na budoucnost mysl\u00ed toliko na sv\u016fj finan\u010dn\u00ed prosp\u011bch a k\u0159i\u010d\u00ed: A co si po\u010dnu s obchodn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b \u017e\u00e1danou jedl\u00ed, s bukem, kter\u00fd mi poskytuje tak m\u00e1lo u\u017eitkov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jen klid! S p\u0159\u00edrodou se d\u00e1 mluvit, ned\u00e1 se v\u0161ak k ni\u010demu nutit. Smrk je bezpochyby na\u0161\u00ed nejhodnotn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u0159evinou, zlat\u00fdm stromem vysok\u00e9ho v\u00fdnosu, mnohem cenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v tom ohledu ne\u017e jedle i buk u\u017e proto, \u017ee v\u00edce nab\u00edz\u00ed, ne\u017e vy\u017eaduje. Buk a jedle nejsou ale, jak u\u017e \u0159e\u010deno, ur\u010deny jen a v prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b k tomu, aby poskytovaly d\u0159evo, n\u00fdbr\u017e jejich \u00fakolem je daleko v\u00edce chr\u00e1nit les p\u0159ed jeho nep\u0159\u00e1teli, v\u011btrem a hmyzem, lesn\u00ed p\u016fdu pak p\u0159ed \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami. Jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost na \u0160umav\u011b je nezbytn\u00fdm p\u0159edpokladem uchov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed potence a t\u00edm i lesa samotn\u00e9ho. Oba druhy d\u0159evin lze v\u0161ak udr\u017eet, ani\u017e by t\u00edm byly v\u00fdnosy z les\u016f n\u011bjak znateln\u011b umen\u0161eny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd porost se p\u0159ece d\u00e1 zalo\u017eit tak, \u017ee v n\u011bm smrk jako neju\u017eitkov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a t\u00edm i nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u0159evina zauj\u00edm\u00e1 postaven\u00ed p\u0159ednostn\u00ed, zat\u00edmco buk a jedle jsou p\u0159id\u00e1ny jen tou m\u011brou, kter\u00e1 je nezbytn\u00e1 k ochran\u011b lesa p\u0159ed jeho nep\u0159\u00e1teli a k uchov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed potence. Jin\u00fdmi slovy: vych\u00e1z\u00ed se n\u00e1rok\u016fm p\u0159\u00edrody na typ zalesn\u011bn\u00ed vst\u0159\u00edc jen natolik, nakolik je to pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 z hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho, tj. finan\u010dn\u00edho a technick\u00e9ho hlediska a nakolik je to mo\u017en\u00e9 z hlediska p\u011bstebn\u00edho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zku\u0161enost prav\u00ed, \u017ee k uchov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed s\u00edly a k \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9mu zpevn\u011bn\u00ed lesn\u00edch porost\u016f v\u016f\u010di v\u011btru \u00fapln\u011b posta\u010d\u00ed, je-li v jednom porostu vedle smrku jako dominuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159eviny zastoupen 15 a\u017e 25 procenty buk a 10 a\u017e 20 procenty jedle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O takov\u00e9 porosty bychom m\u011bli a tak\u00e9 chceme usilovat! A te\u010f bych se r\u00e1d na sv\u00e9 \u0161umavsk\u00e9 krajany r\u00e1d obr\u00e1til je\u0161t\u011b s jednou ot\u00e1zkou: L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m smrkov\u00fd porost, temn\u00fd, \u010dist\u011b jehli\u010dnat\u00fd les v\u00edce ne\u017e sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd porost s pod\u00edlem listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f? Sotva mohu v\u011b\u0159it tomu, \u017ee by mi ten ze \u0160umavan\u016f, kdo m\u00e1 jen trochu smyslu pro kr\u00e1su sv\u00e9 domoviny, zodpov\u011bd\u011bl tuto ot\u00e1zku kladn\u011b. Net\u011b\u0161\u00ed se snad na\u0161e o\u010di ze smaragdov\u00e9 zelen\u011b mlad\u00fdch buk\u016f a jin\u00fdch druh\u016f listnat\u00fdch strom\u016f v temn\u00e9m z\u00e1honu jehli\u010dnan\u016f, neut\u00edk\u00e1me se r\u00e1di ze zatuchl\u00e9ho ochromuj\u00edc\u00edho dusna jehli\u010dnat\u00e9ho lesa do osv\u011b\u017eiv\u00e9ho chladu bukov\u00fdch korun, nen\u00ed to snad n\u00e1dhera, kdy\u017e se les od\u00edv\u00e1 do pestr\u00e9ho \u0161atu jesen\u011b, skv\u011bj\u00edc\u00edho se od t\u00e9 nejjasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u017eluti a\u017e k nejhlub\u0161\u00ed \u010derveni a hn\u011bdi a lom\u00edc\u00edho inkoustovou \u010der\u0148 jedlov\u00fdch korun hn\u011bd\u00ed t\u011bch listnat\u00fdch? Pr\u00e1v\u011b barevn\u00e1 n\u00e1dhera sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho lesa na podzim je to, co \u010din\u00ed na\u0161i \u0160umavu tak kr\u00e1snou a tak l\u00edbeznou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>

B\u0159ezn\u00edk na sn\u00edmc\u00edch z roku 2010 (foto Jan Jel\u00ednek, https:\/\/www.kohoutikriz.org).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sv\u00e9 kouzlo m\u00e1 jist\u011b i temn\u011b v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd \u010dist\u011b jehli\u010dnat\u00fd les t\u0159eba na B\u0159ezn\u00edku, dok\u00e1\u017ee snad ti\u0161iv\u011b p\u016fsobit na p\u0159epracovan\u00e9 nervy \u010dlov\u011bka z m\u011bsta, je tomu tak ale jen na kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u010das. I ticho, \u0161ero a jednotv\u00e1rnost brzy unav\u00ed a rozlad\u00ed. My \u0160umavan\u00e9 jsme vesel\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fdek a chceme radostn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd les.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdy\u017e jsem p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi \u0159\u00e1dky, jak douf\u00e1m, dostate\u010dn\u011b dolo\u017eil, \u017ee trval\u00e9 uchov\u00e1n\u00ed lesa na\u0161\u00ed domoviny je spojeno s uchov\u00e1n\u00edm sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch porost\u016f, kter\u00e9 se pro ni osv\u011bd\u010duj\u00ed jako ty nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, chci dodat, \u017ee je na\u0161\u00ed svatou povinnost\u00ed v\u016f\u010di rodn\u00fdm kon\u010din\u00e1m i budouc\u00edm jejich pokolen\u00edm ud\u011blat v\u0161echno pro to, abychom onoho c\u00edle dos\u00e1hli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proto pry\u010d od \u010dist\u011b smrkov\u00fdch les\u016f! Nejsou dobr\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm a nejsou ani kr\u00e1sn\u00e9! Beztak m\u00e1me \u017eelbohu na \u0160umav\u011b v\u00edce smrkov\u00fdch monokultur, ne\u017eli je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vina za tento stav nepad\u00e1 na n\u00e1s. Vyrostly na velk\u00fdch v\u011btrn\u00fdch a k\u016frovcov\u00fdch polomech, kdy nebylo nijak\u00e9 jin\u00e9 pomoci. Mnohdy v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 majitel\u00e9 les\u016f, vedeni nerozumem a sobectv\u00edm, v\u011bnovali smrku, stromu pro n\u011b \u00fadajn\u011b \u201ezlatonosn\u00e9mu\u201c, v\u00edce m\u00edsta, ne\u017e mu n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. Potomci jim pod\u011bkuj\u00ed ve zl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161em, kdo vlastn\u00ed les, a\u0165 rozlohou velk\u00fd \u010di mal\u00fd, budi\u017e ur\u010deno v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 varov\u00e1n\u00ed, aby dbali o uchov\u00e1n\u00ed domovsk\u00e9ho sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho lesa a tam, kde propadl z\u00e1niku, zalo\u017eili jej znovu. V prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b na na\u0161e \u0161umavsk\u00e9 roln\u00edky sm\u011b\u0159uje prosba, aby ve sv\u00fdch selsk\u00fdch les\u00edch chr\u00e1nili zejm\u00e9na buk a tam, kde byl vyhuben, p\u011bstili ten strom op\u011bt. Nikoli marn\u011b je bu\u010dina zv\u00e1na \u201ematkou les\u016f\u201c. Star\u00e1 se o udr\u017een\u00ed potence lesn\u00ed p\u016fdy a t\u00edm i o st\u00e1lost a kontinuitu lesn\u00edho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. S holose\u010demi a monokulturami bychom dohospoda\u0159ili a p\u0159i\u0161li neodbytn\u011b na mizinu. Lesy \u0161umavsk\u00e9ho p\u0159edh\u016f\u0159\u00ed to dokazuj\u00ed. I tam, kde dnes \u017eivo\u0159\u00ed uboh\u00e9 pok\u0159iven\u00e9 a nedorostl\u00e9 borovice a smrky v koberc\u00edch mechu a v\u0159esu, jist\u011b kdysi st\u00e1valy na dobr\u00e9 lesn\u00ed p\u016fd\u011b sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 porosty jehli\u010dnan\u016f i listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f, bohat\u00e9 dobr\u00fdm d\u0159evem. Tak daleko to u n\u00e1s na \u0160umav\u011b nesm\u00edme nechat doj\u00edt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milujeme sv\u016fj domovsk\u00fd les a chceme ud\u011blat v\u0161echno, abychom jej zachovali v jeho prap\u016fvodn\u00ed podob\u011b a kr\u00e1se. Dos\u00e1hneme toho, v\u017edy jen pokud to konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u00edsto dovoluje a \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, jen p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed o p\u0159irozen\u00fd sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd porost smrku, jedle, buku, javoru a jilmu.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed polohy pat\u0159\u00ed smrku, st\u0159edn\u00ed a ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed pak sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9mu lesu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O autorovi:<\/em>
Ing. Vinzenz Wenhart (1863\u20131929) poch\u00e1zel z u\u017e zanikl\u00e9 Star\u00e9 Huti u Hod\u0148ova nedaleko Horn\u00ed Plan\u00e9. Vystudoval Hochschule f\u00fcr Bodenkultur ve V\u00eddni. Od roku 1887 p\u016fsobil v rev\u00edru Svat\u00e1 Barbora na t\u0159ebo\u0148sk\u00e9m panstv\u00ed Schwarzenberg\u016f, po roce 1890 pak na hlubock\u00e9 spr\u00e1v\u011b kn\u00ed\u017eec\u00edch lesn\u00edch majetk\u016f v \u010cech\u00e1ch, Bavorsku, \u0160t\u00fdrsku i Doln\u00edm Rakousku, kde p\u016fsobil jako adjunkt a lesmistr 24 let. Roku 1914 byl Wenhart jmenov\u00e1n lesn\u00edm \u0159editelem schwarzenbersk\u00e9ho panstv\u00ed ve Vimperku.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Star\u00e1 hu\u0165 1947, leteck\u00fd sn\u00edmek (https:\/\/www.cenia.cz).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 4,527 total views Ing. Vinzenz Wenhart(vy\u0161lo ve W\u00e4ldlerkalender 1924, s. 83\u201387) Zd\u00e1 se zbyte\u010dn\u00fdm, ba dokonce prostoduch\u00fdm, vypr\u00e1v\u011bt \u0160umavanovi n\u011bco o jeho lese, ve kter\u00e9m se narodil, kter\u00fd zn\u00e1 od d\u011btstv\u00ed a\u017e k t\u011bm nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm vrchol\u016fm. Ano, zn\u00e1 sv\u016fj domovsk\u00fd les v jeho \u00fachvatn\u00e9 velikosti, zn\u00e1 jeho v\u00fd\u0161inn\u00e9 v\u00fdhledy, jeho tich\u00e1 z\u00e1kout\u00ed, jeho zelen\u00e9 pastviny, zn\u00e1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[19,18,21,29],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7519"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7519"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7519\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7553,"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7519\/revisions\/7553"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obcanskymonitoring.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}